Marchello CS, Hong CY, Crump JA. Global typhoid fever incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(Suppl 2):S105–16. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Aiemjoy K, Tamrakar D, Saha S, Naga SR, Yu AT, Longley A, et al. Diagnostic value of clinical features to distinguish enteric fever from other febrile illnesses in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(Suppl 3):S257–65. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Wijedoru L, Mallett S, Parry CM. Rapid diagnostic tests for typhoid and paratyphoid (enteric) fever. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5:CD008892. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Andrews JR, Ryan ET. Diagnostics for invasive Salmonella infections: current challenges and future directions. Vaccine. 2015;33(Suppl 3):C8–15. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Mather RG, Hopkins H, Parry CM, Dittrich S. Redefining typhoid diagnosis: what would an improved test need to look like? BMJ Glob Health. 2019;4:e001831. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Sapkota J, Roberts T, Basnyat B, Baker S, Hampton LM, Dittrich S. Diagnostics for typhoid fever: current perspectives and future outlooks for product development and access. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(Suppl 1):S17–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Bakr WM, El Attar LA, Ashour MS, El Toukhy AM. The dilemma of Widal test—which brand to use? A study of four different Widal brands: a cross sectional comparative study. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2011;10:7. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Sapkota J, Hasan R, Onsare R, Arafah S, Kariuki S, Shakoor S, et al. Comparative analysis of commercially available typhoid point-of-care tests: results of a prospective and hybrid retrospective multicenter diagnostic accuracy study in Kenya and Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60:e0100022. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Andrews JR, Khanam F, Rahman N, Hossain M, Bogoch II, Vaidya K, et al. Plasma immunoglobulin A responses against 2 Salmonella Typhi antigens identify patients with typhoid fever. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:949–55. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Darton TC, Baker S, Randall A, Dongol S, Karkey A, Voysey M, et al. Identification of novel serodiagnostic signatures of typhoid fever using a Salmonella proteome array. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1794. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Davies DH, Jain A, Nakajima R, Liang L, Jasinskis A, Supnet M, et al. Serodiagnosis of acute typhoid fever in Nigerian pediatric cases by detection of serum IgA and IgG against hemolysin E and lipopolysaccharide. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:431–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Felgner J, Jain A, Nakajima R, Liang L, Jasinskas A, Gotuzzo E, et al. Development of ELISAs for diagnosis of acute typhoid fever in Nigerian children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005679. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Hasan R, Azizullah Z, Shams H, Dittrich S, Andrews JR, Charles RC, et al. Evaluation of a point-of-care multiplex immunochromatographic assay for the diagnosis of typhoid: results from a retrospective diagnostic accuracy study. J Clin Microbiol. 2024;62:e00428–24. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Munira SJ, Islam N, Prithe NT, Sarkar A, Esfandiari J, Gunasekera D, et al. Evaluation of a point-of-care immunochromatographic assay for enteric fever in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Microbe. 2025;6:100983. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Aiemjoy K, Seidman JC, Saha S, Munira SJ, Islam Sajib MS, Sium SMA, et al. Estimating typhoid incidence from community-based serosurveys: a multicohort study. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3:e578–87. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Garrett DO, Longley AT, Aiemjoy K, Yousafzai MT, Hemlock C, Yu AT, et al. Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: results of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project. Lancet Glob Health. 2022;10:e978–88. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
DeLong ER, DeLong DM, Clarke-Pearson DL. Comparing the areas under two or more correlated receiver operating characteristic curves: a nonparametric approach. Biometrics. 1988;44:837–45. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez JC, et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:77. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Teunis PFM, van Eijkeren JCH, de Graaf WF, Marinović AB, Kretzschmar MEE. Linking the seroresponse to infection to within-host heterogeneity in antibody production. Epidemics. 2016;16:33–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization. Target product profile for laboratory tests for acute typhoid fever surveillance. Geneva: The Organization; 2025.
Munira SJ, Naga SR, Dehraj IF, Doyle K, Kanon N, Yousafzai MT, et al. Changes in enteric fever trends during the COVID-19 pandemic from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia. 2025;35:100562. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Aiemjoy K, Seidman JC, Charles RC, Andrews JR. Seroepidemiology for enteric fever: emerging approaches and opportunities. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(Suppl 1):S21–5. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Aiemjoy K, Rumunu J, Hassen JJ, Wiens KE, Garrett D, Kamenskaya P, et al. Seroincidence of enteric fever, Juba, South Sudan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2022;28:2316–20. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Zou QH, Li RQ, Wang YJ, Liu SL. Identification of genes to differentiate closely related Salmonella lineages. PLoS One. 2013;8:e55988. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Liu D, Verma NK, Romana LK, Reeves PR. Relationships among the rfb regions of Salmonella serovars A, B, and D. J Bacteriol. 1991;173:4814–9. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Qamar FN, Yousafzai MT, Dehraj IF, Shakoor S, Irfan S, Hotwani A, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in typhoidal Salmonella: Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project, 2016–2019. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(Suppl 3):S276–84. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Mogasale V, Ramani E, Mogasale VV, Park J. What proportion of Salmonella Typhi cases are detected by blood culture? A systematic literature review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15:32. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
Kumar S, Nodoushani A, Khanam F, DeCruz AT, Lambotte P, Scott R, et al. Evaluation of a rapid point-of-care multiplex immunochromatographic assay for the diagnosis of enteric fever. mSphere. 2020;5:e00253–20.PubMedGoogle Scholar
