Prognostic Value of PCR Cycle Threshold Value in Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Iraq, 2022–2023

Garrison AR, Smith DR, Golden JW. Animal models for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever human disease. Viruses. 2019;11:590. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Hoogstraal H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol. 1979;15:307–417. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Gargili A, Estrada-Peña A, Spengler JR, Lukashev A, Nuttall PA, Bente DA. The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: a review of published field and laboratory studies. Antiviral Res. 2017;144:93–119. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Bente DA, Forrester NL, Watts DM, McAuley AJ, Whitehouse CA, Bray M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndrome and genetic diversity. Antiviral Res. 2013;100:159–89. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Ergönül O. Treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 2008;78:125–31. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Hawman DW, Feldmann H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21:463–77. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever fact sheet. 2025 [2025 Aug 20]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/crimean-congo-haemorrhagic-fever

Tantawi HH, Al-Moslih MI, Al-Janabi NY, Al-Bana AS, Mahmud MI, Jurji F, et al. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in Iraq: isolation, identification and electron microscopy. Acta Virol. 1980;24:464–7.PubMed Google Scholar

Tantawi HH, Shony MO, Al-Tikriti SK. Antibodies to Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus in domestic animals in Iraq: a seroepidemiological survey. Int J Zoonoses. 1981;8:115–20.PubMed Google Scholar

Majeed B, Dicker R, Nawar A, Badri S, Noah A, Muslem H. Morbidity and mortality of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq: cases reported to the National Surveillance System, 1990–2010. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2012;106:480–3. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Alhilfi RA, Khaleel HA, Raheem BM, Mahdi SG, Tabche C, Rawaf S. Large outbreak of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Iraq, 2022. IJID Reg. 2023;6:76–9. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Atwan Z, Alhilfi R, Mousa AK, Rawaf S, Torre JDL, Hashim AR, et al. Alarming update on incidence of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Iraq in 2023. IJID Reg. 2024;10:75–9. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Kodama C, Alhilfi RA, Aakef I, Khamasi A, Mahdi S, Hasan HM, et al. Epidemiological analysis and potential factors affecting the 2022–23 Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Iraq. Eur J Public Health. 2025;35(Supplement_1):i6–13. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Perkins NJ, Schisterman EF. The inconsistency of “optimal” cutpoints obtained using two criteria based on the receiver operating characteristic curve. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163:670–5. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Robin X, Turck N, Hainard A, Tiberti N, Lisacek F, Sanchez JC, et al. pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:77. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Hatem A, Abou Turab M, Abdulzahra H. Diversity and seasonal occurrence of ticks from some wild mammals in South of Iraq. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2018;6:2788–91.

Akinci E, Bodur H, Sunbul M, Leblebicioglu H. Prognostic factors, pathophysiology and novel biomarkers in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 2016;132:233–43. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Sahay RR, Shete AM, Yadav PD, Patil S, Majumdar T, Jain R, et al. Sequential determination of viral load, humoral responses and phylogenetic analysis in fatal and non-fatal cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever patients from Gujarat, India, 2019. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15:e0009718. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Ahmeti S, Berisha L, Halili B, Ahmeti F, von Possel R, Thomé-Bolduan C, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Kosovo, 2013–2016. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:321–4. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Kerber R, Krumkamp R, Diallo B, Jaeger A, Rudolf M, Lanini S, et al. Analysis of diagnostic findings from the European Mobile Laboratory in Guéckédou, Guinea, March 2014 through March 2015. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(suppl 3):S250–7. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Strampe J, Asogun DA, Speranza E, Pahlmann M, Soucy A, Bockholt S, et al. Factors associated with progression to death in patients with Lassa fever in Nigeria: an observational study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21:876–86. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Tezer H, Sucakli IA, Sayli TR, Celikel E, Yakut I, Kara A, et al. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in children. J Clin Virol. 2010;48:184–6. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Bozkurt I, Erdeniz EH, Riley MJ, Şensoy L, Beeching NJ, Aydogdu S, et al. A comparison of clinical and laboratory features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in children and adults: a retrospective single-center cohort study and literature review. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2025;25:81–91. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Nanclares C, Kapetshi J, Lionetto F, de la Rosa O, Tamfun JJ, Alia M, et al. Ebola virus disease, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22:1579–86. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

Duvignaud A, Etafo IC, Jaspard M, Salau Q, Serra B, Kareem AJ, et al. Presentation and outcomes of Lassa fever in children in Nigeria: a prospective cohort study (LASCOPE). J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024;13:513–22. DOI PubMed Google Scholar

sharing is caring!

Keep reading at

THE BLAZE

Actor Robert De Niro actually told his audience to

NINTENDO LIFE

We mean Soccer, not that ‘other’ football.We hear a

NASA NEWS

Image of the Day for June 12, 2026 The